338,126 total views, 308 views today
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假設有一個穩定的 100kW 負載，於某需量區間 4 分量測，取前一分鐘為標本時間
100kW = 100 度(kWh) ，需量區間 = 100 / 4 = 25 (每 15 分鐘一個結算)
每分鐘電度約等於 25 /15 = 1.667
P = 1.667 * 4 = 6.668
Δt =1
ΔP = 1.667
6.668 + (1.667/1) * (15-4)
= 6.668 + (1.667) * 11
= 6.668 + 18.337
= 25.005 kWh * 4 = 100.02 kW
由此得知此需量預測公式是準確的
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R=P+\frac{\ \Delta{P}\ }{\ \Delta{t}\ } \times (15-t) |
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220 total views, 1 views today
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# vi /etc/php/7.4/apache2/php.ini |
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[opcache] opcache.enable=1 opcache.save_comments=0 opcache.file_cache=/opt/Server/OpCache opcache.validate_timestamps=0 opcache.revalidate_freq=0 opcache.max_accelerated_files=4000 |
重新啟動 apache2 服務
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# systemctl restart apache2 |
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先將所有 .php 檔案編譯成 OpCache 之後就可以將 .php 原始碼檔案清空或是填入不相關內容
使用 PHP 官網範例稍加修改，將 require_once 替換為 opcache_compile_file()，官網有針對兩者之間的差異說明，請根據實際情況選用
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<?php opcache_reset(); $directory = new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(__DIR__ . '/'); $fullTree = new RecursiveIteratorIterator($directory); $phpFiles = new RegexIterator($fullTree, '/.+((?<!Test)+\.php$)/i', RecursiveRegexIterator::GET_MATCH); foreach ($phpFiles as $key => $file) { opcache_compile_file($file[0]); } |
在網路根目錄執行以下執行即可將所有 .php 檔案內容清空
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# find -name '*.php' -type f -exec sh -c 'echo "<?php" > {} ' \; |
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因為使用了禁用時間戳檢查，以及將原始碼清空，因此更新時，必須由開發主機提供 .php.bin 檔，OpCache 檔案皆是 www-data 使用者權限，可以使用 tar 打包及還原
.php.bin 檔案更新後，必須使用 opcache_reset() 或 opcache_invalidate() 來啟用新的 .php.bin 檔
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# find -name '*.php' -type f | wc -l 766 |
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節錄內容
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PHP 7.4 增加了 opcache.preload & opcache.preload_user 參數，因為原始碼後來會清空，因此不適用此參數
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371 total views, no views today
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# vi /etc/emqx/emqx.conf |
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listener.ssl.external.keyfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/privkey.pem listener.ssl.external.certfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/cert.pem listener.ssl.external.cacertfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/fullchain.pem listener.wss.external.keyfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/privkey.pem listener.wss.external.certfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/cert.pem listener.wss.external.cacertfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/{web url}/fullchain.pem |
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要讓 emqx 可以讀取 Let’s Encrypt 產生的證書，最大的問題就是目錄和檔案的讀取權限。
預設的權限大多是只有 root 使用者可以讀，最方便的方式是將 /etc/letsencrypt 的 archive & live 的其他人讀取開放
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# chmod 664 -R /etc/letsencrypt/archive # chmod 664 -R /etc/letsencrypt/liv3 |
可以使用一般使用者讀取證書檔案測試，如果沒問題就可以重啟 emqx 服務
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# emqx restart |
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在使用上和沒有 SSL 差別不到，注意 mqtt.connect() 的通訊協定是 wss:// 以及 port 的設定即可。
網路上可能會找到有關 MQTT.js 證書相關的設定，不過那些設定並沒有什麼卵用，因為當網站是 https:// 時瀏覽器就會檢查如果是同網站就需要使用相同證書，不同網站就會發生跨網站的相關錯誤，當然現在也是不能和 http 混用
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>SSL MQTT</title> <script src="/3rd/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script> <script src="/3rdParty/mqtt.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <script> var mqtt_broker = '{MQTT Broker}'; var options = { clientId: 'mqtt_' + Math.random().toString(16).substr(2, 8), username: '{Username}', password: '{Password}' }; var user = 'hoyo'; var mqtt_client = mqtt.connect("wss://" + mqtt_broker + ":8084/mqtt", options); //建立连接 mqtt_client.on('connect', function (){ mqtt_client.subscribe('DAE/Light/Send/', function ( err ){ if ( !err ) { console.log("subscribe success!"); } }); }); //如果连接错误，打印错误 mqtt_client.on('error', function ( err ){ alert(err); mqtt_client.end(); }); // mqtt_client.on('disconnect', function (){ console.log('disconnect', user); mqtt_client.publish('leave', user); }); $(window).bind('beforeunload', function (){ mqtt_client.publish('leave', user); }); </script> </body> </html> |
在 F12 console 下如果沒有看到錯誤恭喜已經成功了。
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377 total views, 2 views today
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使用 demo 參照 sample 互相驗證較容易搞懂，UUID 必須使用完整格式
運作條件
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HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <title>Web Bluetooth</title> <script src="/3rdParty/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script> <script src="/3rdParty/php.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/3rdParty/bootstrap-4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <!-- --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/3rdParty/bootstrap4-toggle/css/bootstrap4-toggle.min.css"> <script src="/3rdParty/bootstrap4-toggle/js/bootstrap4-toggle.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-info" onclick="a()">配對</button> </div> <div class="toggle_box"> <label><input type="checkbox" class="input_toggle" data-style="fast" data-toggle="toggle"></label> </div> </div> <script> var myCharacteristic; var bluetoothDevice; // 不能網頁載入就執行 必須手動觸發 function a(){ var options = { // acceptAllDevices: true filters: [ { namePrefix: 'ESP32' } ], optionalServices: [ 'f5c8924c-86e9-11eb-8dcd-0242ac130003' ] }; // 掃描 bluetoothDevice = null; navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice(options).then(function ( device ){ bluetoothDevice = device; return device.gatt.connect(); }) .then(function(server){ return server.getPrimaryService('f5c8924c-86e9-11eb-8dcd-0242ac130003'); }) .then(function(service){ return service.getCharacteristic('fea784d6-86e9-11eb-8dcd-0242ac130003'); }) .then(function(characteristic){ myCharacteristic = characteristic; }) .catch(function ( error ){ }); } // switch button $('.input_toggle').change(function() { point_click($(this).prop('checked')); }); function point_click($power){ if ($power) control = 'on'; else control = 'off'; if ( myCharacteristic ){ var encoder = new TextEncoder('utf-8'); var sendMsg = '{"led":"'+ control +'"}'; myCharacteristic.writeValue(encoder.encode(sendMsg)); } } </script> </body> </html> |
Arduino
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#include <Arduino.h> #include <BLEDevice.h> #include <BLEServer.h> #include <BLEUtils.h> #include <BLE2902.h> #include <ArduinoJson.h> #define BAUDRATE 115200 #define SERVICE_UUID "f5c8924c-86e9-11eb-8dcd-0242ac130003" #define CHARACTERISTIC_UUID "fea784d6-86e9-11eb-8dcd-0242ac130003" // BLEServer *pServer; BLEService *pService; BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic; bool deviceConnected = false; std::string rxValue = ""; // class MyServerCallbacks : public BLEServerCallbacks { void onConnect(BLEServer *pServer) { Serial.println("= Connected ="); deviceConnected = true; } void onDisconnect(BLEServer *pServer) { Serial.println("= Disonnected ="); deviceConnected = false; } }; class MyCallbacks : public BLECharacteristicCallbacks { void onWrite(BLECharacteristic *pCharacteristic) { // Serial.println("= Receive ="); rxValue = pCharacteristic->getValue(); String rx_str = rxValue.c_str(); Serial.println(rx_str); // JSON 處理 StaticJsonDocument<256> doc; char json_val[rx_str.length()+1]; rx_str.toCharArray(json_val, rx_str.length()+1); deserializeJson(doc, json_val, rx_str.length()); String val = doc["led"]; Serial.println(val); if (val == "on") { digitalWrite(5, LOW); } if (val == "off") { digitalWrite(5, HIGH); } } }; void setup() { Serial.begin(BAUDRATE); pinMode(5, OUTPUT); BLEDevice::init("ESP32"); pServer = BLEDevice::createServer(); pServer->setCallbacks(new MyServerCallbacks()); pService = pServer->createService(SERVICE_UUID); pCharacteristic = pService->createCharacteristic( CHARACTERISTIC_UUID, BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_NOTIFY | BLECharacteristic::PROPERTY_WRITE); pCharacteristic->addDescriptor(new BLE2902()); pCharacteristic->setCallbacks(new MyCallbacks()); pService->start(); pServer->getAdvertising()->start(); } void loop() { } |
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配對時，什麼可以選擇的時機很迷，控制的 LED 是右側的綠色 LED
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BLE notify 最長只能 20 bytes
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237 total views, 2 views today
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pip install --user --upgrade pip pip install esptool |
考慮到需要 LAN 因此下載了 esp32-idf3-20210202-v1.14.bin 這個 firmware
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可以使用 PuTTY 這類可以使用 COM 通訊軟體，使用 115200
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選擇 Thonny 不選 uPyCraft 是因為 uPyCraft 簡單過頭了
工具 → 選項 → 直譯器
安裝或更新韌體
燒錄時請參考「ESP – ESP-12F & ESP8266 & ESP-32 燒錄指南」將 IO0 接地，EN 短接地
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from machine import Pin from time import sleep led = Pin(5, Pin.OUT) while True: led.value(not led.value()) sleep(0.5) |
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406 total views, no views today
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根據晶片以及開發板情況不同，可能需要 3.3V 供電的 USB to TTL，另一種 4 pin 就只提供 5V 供電，使用上要注意
3.3V USB to TTL
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Hoyo 使用的 ESP32 模組是包含 Ethernet 的 WT32-ETH01 ，沒有內建 USB to TTL，ESP8266 則是產品化因此無法使用 NodeMCU 這類有內建 USB to TTL 的開發板。
有關如何燒錄上傳 DataSheet 其實都有說明，網路上 Google 的資料大多數都是不合用，例如使用了多餘的腳位控制，或是需要額外的控制電路，有可能是使用場景不同導致。
至少看 Hoyo 的資料可以保障可執行以及線路都是最精簡的
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正常使用，IO0 斷開，RST 短接地重啟
ESP8266MOD 燒錄接線
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正常使用，IO0 斷開，EN 短接地重啟
WT32-ETH01 正面
ESP32 EN 接地使用按鈕
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圖形介面
ESPTool.py 指令介面
安裝 pip
下載 get-pip.py (https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py)
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>python get-pip.py |
安裝 serial & pyserial module
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>python -m pip install serial >python -m pip install pyserial |
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上傳
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>python esptool\esptool.py --port COM13 --baud 512000 write_flash -fm dio -fs 32m 0x0 led.ino.bin |
下載
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>python esptool\esptool.py --port COM13 --baud 512000 read_flash 0x0 0x3fffff backup.bin esptool.py v2.8 Serial port COM13 Connecting.... Detecting chip type... ESP8266 Chip is ESP8266EX Features: WiFi Crystal is 26MHz MAC: 2c:f4:32:70:ee:5b Uploading stub... Running stub... Stub running... Changing baud rate to 512000 Changed. 4194303 (100 %) 4194303 (100 %) Read 4194303 bytes at 0x0 in 88.1 seconds (380.9 kbit/s)... Hard resetting via RTS pin... |
Arduino 的上傳
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python3 upload.py --chip esp8266 --port COM27 --baud 512000 --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 led.ino.bin |
ESP-12F 和 ESP32 在使用 esptool.py 上並沒有很大的差異
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>python esptool.py –-port COM4 --baud 921600 erase_flash esptool.py v2.8 Serial port COM14 Connecting........____ Detecting chip type... ESP32 Chip is ESP32D0WDQ5 (revision 1) Features: WiFi, BT, Dual Core, 240MHz, VRef calibration in efuse, Coding Scheme None Crystal is 40MHz MAC: a8:03:2a:62:67:84 Uploading stub... Running stub... Stub running... Changing baud rate to 921600 Changed. Erasing flash (this may take a while)... Chip erase completed successfully in 13.9s Hard resetting via RTS pin... |
讀取 MAC Address
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>python esptool.py --port COM13 --baud 512000 read_mac esptool.py v2.8 Serial port COM13 Connecting.... Detecting chip type... ESP8266 Chip is ESP8266EX Features: WiFi Crystal is 26MHz MAC: 84:f3:eb:5a:7b:94 Uploading stub... Running stub... Stub running... Changing baud rate to 512000 Changed. MAC: 84:f3:eb:5a:7b:94 Hard resetting via RTS pin... |
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Data
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[LittleFS] upload : C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_842033/MQTT2_SSL_RS485_WEB.mklittlefs.bin [LittleFS] address : 0x300000 [LittleFS] reset : --before default_reset --after hard_reset [LittleFS] port : COM27 [LittleFS] speed : 512000 [LittleFS] python : C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1\python3.exe [LittleFS] uploader : C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.6.3\tools\upload.py |
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786 total views, 4 views today
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健康、健身、我們下次健
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1,028 total views, no views today
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最後的腳位對應為
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RO => RXD = D5 DI => TXD = D6 TR = D2 |
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因為使用了 UART 轉 RS485 小板，因此只要設定好鮑率、傳送的資料及計算 CRC 即可
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#include <SoftwareSerial.h> SoftwareSerial mySerial(14, 12); // RX, TX #define DE 4 // D6使能發送器，高電平有效 void setup() { pinMode(not_RE, OUTPUT); pinMode(DE, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(not_RE, HIGH); // disable receiver digitalWrite(DE, HIGH); // enable transmitter Serial.begin(57600); mySerial.begin(9600); } void loop() { Serial.println("aaa"); mySerial.println("aaa"); delay(100); } |
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uint16_t CalcCRC(byte * data, uint8_t datlen) { uint16_t CRC = 0xFFFF; // Init CRC uint8_t xor_flag; for (uint8_t n = 0; n < datlen; n++) { CRC = CRC ^ data[n]; for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { if (CRC & 0x0001) { xor_flag = 1; } else { xor_flag = 0; } CRC = CRC >> 1; if (xor_flag) { CRC = CRC ^ 0xA001; } } } return CRC; } void SendCmd( byte * data, uint8_t datlen) { // this is just a test routine to send results Serial Monitor. uint16_t CRC = CalcCRC(data, datlen); for (uint8_t i = 0; i < datlen; i++) { // set TX mode, use the correct Serial (softSerial?) Serial.print(data[i], HEX); Serial.print(' '); } Serial.print(lowByte(CRC), HEX); // This does not match the Example. It could be an error in the manual. Serial.print(' '); // If the device does not respond, reverse the order byte order the CRC Serial.println(highByte(CRC), HEX); // is sent. Send highbyte then lowByte. } |
以 {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02} 為例，算出來應該是 0xC4, 0x0B 才對
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正面
背面
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#include <SoftwareSerial.h> SoftwareSerial rs485; #define DE 4 byte s[] = {0x60, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10}; byte r[sizeof(s) + 2]; uint16_t CalcCRC(byte * data, uint8_t datlen) { uint16_t CRC = 0xFFFF; // Init CRC uint8_t xor_flag; for (uint8_t n = 0; n < datlen; n++) { CRC = CRC ^ data[n]; for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { if (CRC & 0x0001) { xor_flag = 1; } else { xor_flag = 0; } CRC = CRC >> 1; if (xor_flag) { CRC = CRC ^ 0xA001; } } } return CRC; } void printHex(uint8_t num) { char hexCar[2]; sprintf(hexCar, "%02X", num); Serial.print(hexCar); } void setup() { pinMode(DE, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); rs485.begin(2400, SWSERIAL_8N1, 14, 12); for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(s); i++ ) { r[i] = s[i]; } } void loop() { digitalWrite(DE, HIGH); uint16_t CRC = CalcCRC(s, 6); r[6] = lowByte(CRC); r[7] = highByte(CRC); rs485.write(r, sizeof(r)); digitalWrite(DE, LOW); delay(300); for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(r); i++ ) { printHex(r[i]); } Serial.println(); if (rs485.available() > 0) { while (rs485.available() > 0) { Serial.print(rs485.read()); Serial.print(','); yield(); } Serial.println(); } delay(1000); } |
運行結果
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802 total views, 1 views today
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除了上述資源外，一開始其實使用的是 php-mqtt/client 這個，不過軟體太肥，使用麻煩效能也差，才又找了 phpMQTT 使用
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主要是在網頁上執行 publish() 發送，因此只需要可連線，可發送即可
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<?php require('../3rdParty/phpMQTT.php'); $server = 'mq.tongxinmao.com'; // change if necessary $port = 18830; // change if necessary $username = ''; // set your username $password = ''; // set your password $client_id = 'phpMQTT-publisher'; // make sure this is unique for connecting to sever - you could use uniqid() $mqtt = new \phpMQTT($server, $port, $client_id); if ($mqtt->connect(true, NULL)) { $mqtt->publish('esp8266/test', '{"LED":"'. $_GET['led'] .'"}', 0, false); $mqtt->close(); } else { echo "Time out!\n"; } |
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<?php // MQTT const MQTT_Server = '172.16.1.220'; const MQTT_Port = 8883; const MQTT_Username = 'user'; const MQTT_Password = 'password'; require_once __DIR__ . "/phpMQTT.php"; $mqtt = new \phpMQTT(MQTT_Server, MQTT_Port, 'EMS_'.uniqid(), __DIR__.'/my_root_ca.pem'); if ($mqtt->connect(true, NULL, MQTT_Username, MQTT_Password)) { $alert = [ 'id'=>$event_id, 'event'=>'PM2.5', 'time'=>date('Y-m-d H:i:s'), 'period'=>'start', 'set'=>$pm25_alarm_up, 'value'=>$data['Value']['PM2.5'] ]; $mqtt->publish('DAE/Alert/'.$channel['Token'], json_encode($alert), 0, false); $mqtt->close(); } |
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423 total views, no views today
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使用 ESP8266WebServer.h 而不是自己寫
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#include <ESP8266WiFi.h> #include <WiFiClient.h> #include <ESP8266WebServer.h> IPAddress ip(192,168,1,81); // choose IP address IPAddress subnet(255,255,255,0); ESP8266WebServer server(80); void handleRoot() { String page = "<!DOCTYPE html>\n"; page += "<html>\n<body>\n<h1>Some heading</h1><br>Generated by ESP8266\n</body>\n</html>"; server.send(200, "text/html", page); } // what to do when accessed through http://ip_address/something_undefined void handleNotFound(){ String message = "File not found\n\n"; message += "URI: "; message += server.uri(); message += "\nMethod: "; message += (server.method() == HTTP_GET)?"GET":"POST"; message += "\nArguments: "; message += server.args(); message += "\n"; for (uint8_t i=0; i<server.args(); i++){ message += " " + server.argName(i) + ": " + server.arg(i) + "\n"; } server.send(404, "text/plain", message); } void setup(void){ Serial.begin(74880); // so you can see debug messages automatically sent by ESP8266 WiFi.mode(WIFI_AP); WiFi.softAPConfig(ip, ip, subnet); // declared as: bool softAPConfig (IPAddress local_ip, IPAddress gateway, IPAddress subnet) WiFi.softAP("SOME_NAME", "password", 7); // network name, network password, wifi channel IPAddress myIP = WiFi.softAPIP(); Serial.println(); Serial.print("AP IP address: "); Serial.println(myIP); server.on("/", handleRoot); // what to do when accessed through browser using http://IP_address // what to do when accessed through http://ip_address/test server.on("/test", [](){ server.send(200, "text/plain", "This is another page"); }); server.on("/sa/1", [](){ // ... <-- put here the code for NeoPixel = on server.send(200, "text/html", "NeoPixel is now on"); }); server.on("/sa/0", [](){ // ... <-- put here the code for NeoPixel = off server.send(200, "text/html", "NeoPixel is now off"); }); server.onNotFound(handleNotFound); server.begin(); Serial.println("HTTP server started..."); } void loop(void){ server.handleClient(); } |
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一般來說使用 handleSpecificArg() 是比較常用的
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void handleGenericArgs() { String message = ""; message += server.arg(0) + "\n"; String rs_message = getValue(message, ','); message += rs_message; server.send(200, "text / plain", message); //Response to the HTTP request } // void handleSpecificArg() { String message = ""; if (server.arg("Temperature") == "") { //Parameter not found message = "Temperature Argument not found"; } else { //Parameter found message = "Temperature Argument = "; message += server.arg("Temperature"); //Gets the value of the query parameter } server.send(200, "text / plain", message); //Returns the HTTP response } server.on("/rs", handleGenericArgs); |
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有了 WiFi AP 也有了取得網址變數的方法，接下來就可以設計應用場景網址的變數使用。例如 http://192.168.2.1/url?led=on&light=1 ，可以表示開啟 led 以及亮 1 秒
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763 total views, 1 views today